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347         S\  JOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

028  }  CIRCULAR  No.  2. 

G.  B.  LULL,  State  Forester. 

m  ^O-OPERATION  WITH  THE  FOREST  SERVICE,  U.  S.  DEPT.  AGRICULTURE. 


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A  HANDBOOK  FOR 


EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS 


University  of  California 

Southern  Regional 

Library  Facility 


(SECOND  EDITION.) 


SACRAMENTO: 

W.  W.  SHANNON Superintendent  State  Printing. 

1908. 


• 


STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

JAMES  N.  GILLETT Governor. 

CHAS.  F.  CURRY Secretary  of  State. 

U.  S.  WEBB  _  ..    Attorney-General. 

G.  B.  LULL State  Forester. 


PROVISION  FOR  CO-OPERATIVE  WORK. 

Section  4.  The  State  Forester  shall,  upon  request 
and  whenever  he  deems  it  essential  to  the  best  interests 
of  the  people  and  the  State,  co-operate  with  counties, 
towns,  corporations  and  individuals  in  preparing  plans 
for  the  protection,  management  and  replacement  of 
trees,  woodlots  and  timber  tracts,  on  consideration  and 
under  an  agreement  that  the  parties  obtaining  such 
assistance  pay  at  least  the  field  expenses  of  the  men 
employed  in  preparing  said  plans. —  Stat.  1905:235. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

1.  INTRODUCTION   5 

2.  HISTORY  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA 5 

3.  THE  TIMBER  EUCALYPTS 5 

4.  SYLVICAL  CHARACTERISTICS 6 

a.  Age  and  Size 6 

b.  Form    , 6 

c.  Tolerance    6 

d.  Root  Development S 

6.       WlNDFIRMNESS    8 

f.     Reproduction  S 

1.  Sprout   Reproduction    8 

2.  Seed   Reproduction    0 

5.  GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS   9 

a.  Soil    9 

b.  Temperature  10 

c.  Moisture    10 

6.  PLANTING  REGION   12 

7.  CHOICE   OF   SPECIES 12 

8.  HOME-GROWN   vs.   NURSERY   SEEDLINGS 14 

9.  NURSERY  PRACTICE 15 

a.  Lath    House 15 

b.  Seed   Boxes 16 

c.  Watering    10 

d.  Transplanting  IT 

e.  Protection  of  Nursery IT 

TO.      FIELD    PLANTING IT 

11.  SPACING    IS 

1 2.  CULTIVATION   IS 

13.  COST  OF  PLANTATIONS 2Q 

14.  PROTECTION 20 

15.  CUTTING.  THINNING  AND  PRUNING 20 

16.  GROWTH    21 

IT.     ECONOMIC  PLANTING    34 

a.  Windbreaks    34 

b.  Commercial  Plantations    3T 

18.     TIMBER  UTILIZATION 40 

a.  Fuelwood 40 

b.  Posts  42 

c.  Poles   43 

d.  Railroad  Ties    43 

e.  Mine  Timbers  1 1 

f.  Wharf  Pili no  44 

g.  Dimension  Material    4<*» 


4  Contents. 

p  M.i . 

L9.     QUALITIES  <>K   EUCALYPTUS   WOOD 16 

20.  SEASONING  17 

21.  USES  OF   LUMBER IT 

a.  Vehicle    Pabts    47 

b.  [NSULATOB    Tins    JS 

c.  Furniture    18 

ii.     Otheb  Uses  4S 

22.  BOTANICAL  NAMES I- 


A  HANDBOOK  TOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  growing  interest  in  forest  planting  in  California  makes  ii 
desirable  that  prospective  planters  be  supplied  with  concise  information 
regarding  the  demands  and  qualities  of  the  genus  Eucalyptus,  which, 
owing  to  its  rapid  growth  and  wide  adaptation  to  economic  uses,  is 
destined  to  be  planted  more  extensively  than  any  other  tree.  Reliable 
information  on  this  genus  is  now  obtainable  in  Bulletin  No.  35  of  the 
Forest  Service,  but  the  information  contained  is  more  general  in  nature 
than  the  typical,  quick-action  planter  is  willing  to  digest.  More  recently 
a  detailed,  though  as  yet  unpublished,  report  on  the  planting  of  the 
commercial  eucalypts  has  been  made  by  S.  J.  Flintham  of  the  Forest 
Service  after  a  study  conducted  in  cooperation  with  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  essentials  for  planters  have  been  culled  from  this  report 
and  other  sources  and  embodied  in  this  circular  to  meet  the  great 
demand  for  specific  information  on  the  economies  of  Eucalyptus 
planting. 

HISTORY  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

The  eucalypts  are  exotics  in  California,  having  been  introduced 
from  Australia  in  the  early  fifties  by  travelers  who  were  impressed 
with  the  splendid  proportions  and  rapid  development  of  the  genus 
in  its  native  habitat.  They  were  first  planted  in  the  vicinity  of 
San  Francisco  for  ornamental  purposes.  Later,  in  the  sixties,  they 
were  planted  near  Los  Angeles.  The  rapid  growth  and  complete 
adaptability  of  the  exotic  to  its  new  environments  instantly  claimed 
the  attention  of  nurserymen,  who  recognized  its  suitability  for  com- 
mercial planting.  Between  1870  and  1875  considerable  planting 
was  clone  for  fuel,  windbreaks  and  shade  along  avenues.  One  of 
these  early  groves  was  established  near  Irvington  in  the  Santa  Clara 
Valley  in  1870.  and  later.  L872  and  1S7:L  the  first  plantation  in 
Southern  California  was  made  by  lion.  Ellwood  Cooper  on  his  ranch 
iieai-  Santa  Barbara.  The  well-known  Widney  and  Nadeau  groves,  se1 
out  in  1874  and  187").  were  the  first  extensive  plantations  made  near 
Los  Angeles. 

Till':  TIMBER    EUCALYPTS. 

Eucalyptus  has  deservedly  claimed  more  attention  than  any  other 
exotic  melius,  and  probably  more  than  most  of  those  indigenous  to  the 
United  States.     Greal   energy  and  persistence   in  experimenting  with 


6  STATE   HOARD  OF   FORESTRY. 

the  genus  have  been  manifested  by  nurserymen  mid  pioneer  planters 
ever  since  its  introduction.  More  than  150  species  have  been  identified 
by  botanists  who  have  studied  the  Australian  forests.  Fully  100  of 
these,  including  practically  all  the  species  eonsidered  valuable  for  tim- 
ber, have  been  introduced  and  planted  in  California. 

For  general  purposes,  however,  the  blue  gum  has  been  used  more 
extensively  than  all  other  species  combined,  and  even  to-day  the 
knowledge  of  most  laymen  of  the  eucalypts  is  confined  to  their 
acquaintance  with  this  species.  Several  other  species,  however,  possess 
special  qualities  which  warrant  their  selection  for  particular  uses  and 
for  certain  localities.  Among  these  are  the  sugar,  manna,  gray,  red  and 
lemon  gums,  which,  with  the  blue  gum,  owing  to  their  rapid  growth  and 
splendid  development,  rank  as  the  timber  eucalypts. 

SYLVICAL    CHARACTERISTICS. 

Age  and  Size.  In  Australia  the  eucalypts  reach  ages  of  from  400 
to  500  years,  and  dimensions  second  only  to  the  California  Sequoias. 
Indeed,  in  height  development,  though  not  in  diameter,  they  surpass 
them.  Many  species  are  said  to  reach  heights  from  300  to  over  400 
feet,  and  diameters  exceeding  12  to  15  feet.  These  dimensions  result 
from  long  periods  of  growth  in  the  virgin  forests,  however,  and  no 
such  sizes  have  yet  been  attained  by  eucalypts  planted  in  California. 

No  eucalypt  has  grown  to  greater  age  than  40  years  in  this  State. 
At  this  age  the  period  of  rapid  development  has  not  been  passed,  and 
no  disposition  to  become  short-lived  is  shown,  as  is  frequently  the 
ease  with  species  grown  outside  their  habitat.  Blue  gum  trees  175 
feet  in  height  and  5  or  6  feet  in  diameter  have  been  produced  here 
in  from  twenty-four  to  thirty  years.  The  single  quality,  rapidity  of 
growth,  entitles  the  eucalypts  to  serious  consideration,  for  no  other 
species  can  attain  like  dimensions  in  five  times  this  period. 

Form.  Naturally  the  timber  eucalypts  maintain  an  erect  form,  with 
strong  main  axes  and  slender  limbs.  Young  trees  shoot  up  rapidly  into 
slender  poles  with  scantily  branched  crowns  and  feathery,  drooping 
foliage.  The  bole  gradually  clears  of  limbs,  particularly  where  the 
density  of  the  stand  causes  lateral  shading.  Open-grown  timber  has 
more  numerous  and  larger  limbs. 

Tolerance.  The  timber  eucalypts  are  species  of  moderate  shade 
endurance.  During  their  early  growth  they  will  bear  more  shade  than 
later  in  life.  The  seedlings  are  even  shade-demanding,  and  succeed 
best  under  partial  shade.  When  growth  has  commenced,  however,  full 
lisrlit  should  be  afforded  them. 


A   HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS.  7 

The  intolerance  of  saplings  and  poles  is  well  indicated  by  their  rapid 
height  growth,  upon  which  they  depend  in  competition  to  escape  sup- 


PLATE  1.  Blue  gum  timber  24  years  old,  showing  characteristic  clear,  straight 
growth  of  this  species.  Trees  over  36  inches  in  diameter,  175  feet  tall,  and 
100  to  120  feet  clear. 


pression.     It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  saplings  too  spindling  to  stand 
erect,  caused  by  their  efforts  to  overtop  a  competitor  for  light. 


y  STATE   BOARD   OF    FORESTRY. 

Root  Development.  The  eucalypts  use  a  greal  amounl  of  water,  hence 
they  prefer  a  deep  soil,  through  which  the  roots  may  penetrate  to  lower 
str,-it;i  in  search  of  greater  supplies  of  moisture.  In  shallow  soils  over- 
lying rock  or  hardpan  the  roots  are  forced  to  spread  laterally,  and  on 
such  situations  the  growth  is  generally  stunted  and  slow. 

In  early  years  rool  developmenl   is  exceedingly  rapid,  that  of  young 

seedlings  greatly  exceeding  the  growth  of  the  plant  above  the  surfi 

During  early  growth  most  eucalypts  send  down  a  taprool  as  well  as 
numerous  spreading  laterals.  The  taprool  of  the  blue  gum,  at  least, 
rarely  penetrates  to  a  depth  greater  than  (>  feet,  further  developmenl 
being  concentrated  in  the  strong  laterals. 

The  roots  exhibit  a  strong  impulse  to  seek  water,  and  to  reach  it  some- 
times extend  over  100  feet,  crossing  under  ditches,  pavements  and  roads. 
If  they  gain  access  to  pipes  or  ditches  through  cracks  or  breaks  in  the 
masonry,  they  send  out  large  masses  of  small  feeding  roots.  Cisterns 
and  water-pipes  have  been  completely  clogged  in  this  manner. 

Wind  firmness.  The  production  of  an  extensive  lateral  root  system 
renders  the  eucalypts  very  windfirm.  Their  strong  anchorage  in  the 
soil,  combined  with  the  flexibility  of  the  growing  stem,  renders  them 
particularly  valuable  for  windbreak  purposes,  since  a  break  which  will 
yield  before  the  force  of  the  wind  tends  to  deflect  the  air  currents 
upward,  and  protects  areas  far  to  leeward,  whereas  an  unyielding 
barrier  breaks  the  wind  only  on  areas  in  close  proximity  to  it. 

E(  production.  The  complete  adaptability  of  the  eucalypts  to  Cali- 
fornia is  especially  shown  by  their  strong  reproduction  here  by  both 
seed  and  sprouts. 

Sprout  'Reproduction.  All  the  eucalypts  planted  in  California  sprout 
vigorously  from  the  stump  or  roots  after  cutting  or  in  response  to  any 
injury  to  the  tree.  The  small  trees  in  young  plantations  generally 
sprout  up  thriftily  after  they  have  been  cut  back  by  animals  or  after 
saplings  have  been  killed  to  the  ground  by  frost  or  fire.  After  fire 
injury  also,  in  an  attempt  at  refoliation.  the  stems  generally  clothe 
themselves  thickly  from  the  ground  to  the  top  with  short  sprout 
branches  like  fire-injured  redwoods. 

"Whenever  it  is  desirable  to  reproduce  a  species  which  possesses  cop- 
picing  qualities  advantage  is  generally  taken  of  them.  With  most 
species,  however,  the  sprouts  produced  after  the  third  or  fourth  cutting 
are  less  thrifty  than  those  after  the  first  or  second.  Tins  tendency  to 
weaken  seems  absent  in  the  eucalypts.  or  if  present,  coppicing  has 
not  been  practiced  long  enough   in  California  to  reveal  it.     Puelw 1 


A   HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS.  9 

groves  have  sprouted  up  vigorously  after  the  fourth  and  fifth  cutting, 
and  seedling  trees  over  thirty  years  old  sprout  after  cutting  as  thriftily 
as  young  trees.  Indeed,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  kill  the  stumps  of  old 
trees  or  to  prevent  the  sprouting  of  old  roots  left  in  the  ground  after 
the  stumps  have  been  grubbed  out. 

Seed  Reproduction.  Since  natural  regeneration  is  not  practiced,  the 
natural  seeding  of  eucalypts  is  of  little  commercial  importance.  Seed 
is  produced  abundantly  by  all  the  eucalypts  introduced  into  California. 
The  fruit  generally  remains  on  the  trees,  unopened,  until 'the  fall  of 
the  seed  cases  to  the  ground.  "Wind  dissemination  plays  no  part  in  the 
extension  of  Eucalyptus,  and  as  the  seeds  are  not  eaten  by  birds,  the 
seedlings  always  occur  beneath  or  very  near  the  parent  tree. 


GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

Every  species  makes  definite  ecological  demands  upon  its  habitat. 
The  optimum  development  of  a  species  is  contingent  upon  the  fulfill- 
ment of  its  requirements.  It  generally  happens,  however,  that  the 
demands  of  a  species  are  not  inflexible,  and  the  species  will  survive 
if  its  requirements  are  but  partially  met.  For  example,  a  species  will 
survive  and  grow  indifferently,  if  it  receives  less  food  or  light  than  it 
requires  for  best  development.  In  the  case  of  temperature  much 
depends  upon  the  age  and  condition  of  the  tree  species  at  the  time  its 
normal  temperature  range  is  crossed.  If  it  is  thriving  and  the  tempera- 
ture change  comes  gradually  it  will  frequently  withstand  the  shock 
without  injury.  Under  less  favorable  conditions  it  will  not  recover. 
Except  upon  temperature  the  demands  of  eucalypts  are  fairly  flexible. 
Their  thermal  demands,  however,  must  be  met.  Whenever  Eucalyptus 
planting  is  undertaken  outside  the  thermal  range  of  the  species  used 
some  loss  must  be  expected.  Where  only  small  plantations  are  made 
a  risk  is  generally  warranted.  But  where  extensive  commercial  planta- 
tions, involving  heavy  expense,  are  made,  they  should  lie  within  the 
thermal  range  of  the  species  used.  Since  this  circular  deals  with  the 
commercial  production  of  eucalypts,  the  planting  of  any  species  will 
not  he  recommended  outside  its  thermal  range.  Tt  is  probable  that  most 
of  the  species  treated  will  grow,  indifferently  at  least,  considerably  out- 
side of  the  range  where  their  planting  will  he  advised. 

Soil.  Practically,  all  the  eucalypts  grow  host  on  a  deep,  fertile,  well- 
drained,  loam  soil.  But,  as  more  valuable  crops  Likewise  develop  most 
successfully  there,  the  necessity  arises  of  finding  similar  or  poorer 
classes  of  land,   which,   on    account    of    inaccessibility,    or   roughness, 


LO  STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

is  not  of  lii'st  value  for  agricultural  purposes.  These  abound  in  the 
valleys  and  on  the  slopes  of  the  lower  hills  throughout  California.  The 
chemical  composition  of  the  soil  is  of  little  importance,  so  long  as  an 
excess  of  injurious  chemicals  does  not  occur.  The  physical  properties 
of  the  soil,  such  as  permeability,  retentiveness,  etc.,  are  vastly  more 
important. 

Temperature.  No  one  factor  has  so  much  influence  in  governing  the 
extension  of  Eucalyptus  as  temperature.  The  fact  that  its  planting 
range  is  practically  restricted  to  California  is  wholly  attributable  to 
the  frost-tenderness  of  the  genus.  During  the  seedling  years  the  danger 
Prom  frost  is  greatest.  The  susceptibility  of  the  sugar  gum  seedlings 
to  frost  injury  is  particularly  marked. 

Thermometer  readings  of  temperature  are  not  always  true  indices 
of  the  influence  of  frost  on  a  tender  plant.  Much  depends  upon  the 
condition  of  the  plant  at  that  particular  time.  If  a  period  of  warm 
weather  is  followed  by  a  sudden  drop  in  temperature,  the  plant  suffers 
more  than  it  would  if  an  equally  low  temperature  had  come  gradually. 
The  exposure  of  the  plantation  is  likewise  important.  If  the  plantation 
has  an  eastern  exposure  where  it  is  reached  by  the  first  rays  of  the  sun, 
the  damage  will  be  greater  than  if  it  remains  in  partial  shade  while 
the  temperature  ascends  slowly. 

The  following  order  indicates  the  frost-hardiness  of  the  timber 
eucalypts  very  closely :    Red,  gray,  manna,  blue,  sugar,  and  lemon  gum. 

Moisture.  A  rapid  growing  plant,  like  anything  else  which  grows 
rapidly,  requires  lots  of  food.  This  is  taken  up  by  the  roots  in  the 
form  of  mineral  salts  in  solution  and  elaborated  in  the  leaves.  Hence, 
the  tree  can  not  get  its  food  unless  its  roots  can  obtain  water.  There- 
fore, other  conditions  being  equal,  the  rate  of  growth  depends  directly 
on  the  amount  of  water  the  plant  secures.  While  eucalypts  will  grow 
where  the  soil  moisture  is  deficient,  the  rate  of  growth  will  be  much 
slower  than  where  the  tree  gets  all  it  needs.  For  commercial  purposes 
it  is  unwise  to  attempt  to  produce  Eucalyptus  where  the  soil  moisture  is 
markedly  deficient.  A  fairly  retentive,  deep  soil  which  receives  an 
annual  rainfall  of  from  25  to  30  inches  will  produce  good  trees. 

Deficient  soil  moisture  is  supplemented  by  atmospheric  moisture  in 
the  fog  belt,  where  the  fog  is  condensed  by  contact  with  the  foliage. 
During  a  heavy  fog  the  foliage  of  gum  trees  drips  as  if  from  a  shower, 
and  the  ground  under  the  trees  becomes  soaked  overnight.  The 
occurrence  of  fog  accounts  largely  for  the  excellent  growth  of  Eucalyp- 
tus on  sandy  soil  at  the  Presidio,  on  the  Piedmont  Hills,  and  elsewhere  in 
situations,  otherwise  inhospitable,  throughout  the  Bay  counties.  Fogs, 
likewise,  make  the  Los  Angeles  plain  one  of  the  favorable  regions  in 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


11 


the  State  for  Eucalyptus  culture,  although  less  so  than  the  Bay  counties, 
owing  to  lesser  precipitation. 


PLATE   2.     Gray  gum   tree   about   20   years  old   in   an   experimental    plantation. 
Tree  grown  in  an  unfavorable  situation   to  a   heighl    of  over    100    feet    and  a 

diameter  of  14  inches. 

Among  the  timber  eucalypts  some  are  able  to  thrive  on  less  moisture 
than  others.  The  following  order  indicates  their  relative  drought- 
hardiness:     Sugar,  red,  gray,  manna,  lemon,  and  blue  gum. 


12  STATE   BOARD  OF    FORESTRY. 

PLANTING    REGIONS. 

The  area    within    which   the   timber  euealypts   may   be   successfully 

propagated  has  I n  broadly  defined  as  thai  bounded  by  the  frosl  line. 

The  manna  and  gray  gums  may  be  safely  planted  when  the  temperature 
does  not  drop  bekrw  22  P.  This  area  is  shown,  approximately,  by  the 
accompanying  isothermal  map.  ( lommereial  planting  outside  the  22  F. 
isotherms  is  not  recommended  for  any  species,  aor  outside  the  26  F. 
and  28°  F.  isotherms  for  blue  and  sugar  gums,  respectively. 

For  successful  growth  the  requirements  of  euealypts  for  soil  and 
moisture  are  but  little  more  elastic  than  for  temperature.  It  is  unwise 
to  set  high-priced  seedlings  on  shallow  soil  or  where  the  water  table 
is  far  below  the  surface.  Planters  should  not  forget  that  the  rapid 
growth  and  proper  development  of  euealypts  is  contingent  on  their 
food  .supply  rather  than  on  any  inherent  quality.  "Where  the  water 
table  is  accessible  at  not  more  than  25  feet  below  the  surface,  good 
growth  may  he  expected. . 

CHOICE  OF  SPECIES. 

Generally  speaking,  the  blue  and  sugar  gums  should  be  chosen  for 
planting  within  their  thermal  ranges.  Outside  these  the  red.  gray  and 
manna  gums  must  be  considered  as  the  leading  species. 

Whenever  the  selection  of  species  lies  between  blue  and  sugar  gum. 
the  kind  of  product  desired  and  the  amount  of  soil  moisture  present 
must  determine  the  choice.  If  firewood,  piles,  or  dimension  stuff  is 
desired,  the  blue  gum  should  be  selected,  especially  if  there  is  no  marked 
deficiency  of  soil  moisture.  If  poles,  ties  or  a  wood  of  unusual  durability 
and  strength  is  desired  the  sugar  gum  should  be  chosen,  particularly  if 
the  situation  is  rather  arid.  The  sugar  gum  is  the  more  drought-resist- 
ing, but  the  blue  gum  is  the  more  rapid-growing. 

Outside  the  planting  range  of  the  blue  and  sugar  gums  the  red  gum 
commends  itself,  owing  to  its  frost-hardiness  and  the  durability  of  its 
timber.  In  frosty  or  swampy  locations  it  should  receive  first  preference. 
The  uses  of  its  product  are  limited,  however,  by  the  fact  that  it  is 
inclined  to  a  crooked,  branchy  form.  It  is  of  rapid  growth  and  furnishes 
a  product  which  is  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil. 

The  gray  gum  is  equally  rapid  in  growth,  hut  is  somewhat  less  frost- 
hardy  than  the  red.  It  grows  in  good  form,  especially  in  plantations. 
and  furnishes  a  very  durable  timber. 

Manna  gum  grows  very  rapidly,  hut  it  is  hardly  worthy  of  considera- 
tion, since  it  is  but  slightly  more  frost-hardy  than  the  sugar  and  blue 
gums,  while  its  timber  is  inferior  to  that  of  either  species. 

Lemon  gum  is  probably  more  valuable  for  ornamental  than  for 
economic  planting.     Its  rate  of  growth  is  about  equal  to  that  of  red 


MAP  OF 


c 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


13 


PLATE  3.  Exceptional  development  of  manna  gum  in  the  San  Joaquin 
"Valley.  Trees  clear,  straight,  and  of  very  massive  proportions.  The 
two  trees  are  20  to  25  years  old,  4  to  5  feet  in  diameter,  150  to  160 
feet  tall,   and   50   to   60  feet  clear. 


14  STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

gum,  but  it  is  less  frost-hardy  and  produces  a  less  durable  though  better 
formed  timber. 

NOME-GROWN  VS.   NURSERY    SEEDLINGS. 

The  following  list  contains  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  California 
-firms  that  are  known  to  deal  in  Eucalyptus  seeds  and  seedlings.  Some 
of  these  deal  in  Eucalyptus  stock  exclusively. 

Deal<  is  in  Eucalyptus  Seed. 

Cox    Seed    Co San   Francisco. 

Germain  Seed  and   Plant  Co Los  Angeles. 

Stengel   Exotic  Nursery  Co Los  Angeles. 

Theo.  Payne   Los  Angeles. 

Johnson   &   Mussar Los  Angeles. 

Fancher  Creek   Nursery  Co Fresno. 

Nurserymen  Propagating  Eucalyptus  Seedlings. 

Cox  Seed  Co San   Francise  >. 

Pacific   Nursery   Co San   Franciso  i. 

Western   Nurseries    San   Franciso  >. 

Seaman    Oakland. 

Germain  Seed  and  Plant  Co Los  Angeles. 

Stengel  Exotic  Nursery  Co Los  Angeles. 

Theo.  Payne   Los  Angeles. 

Sessions   San  Diego. 

Warner   Santa  Ana. 

Young     Santa  Ana. 

O.   Roessner    Pomona. 

Griffin Pomona. 

Fancher  Creek  Nursery  Co Fresno. 

Wilson    Fresno. 

Wilson    Dinuba. 

Wilson Visalia. 

California    Nursery    Co Niles. 

Ritchman     Fullerton. 

Timothy  Carroll   Anaheim. 

J.  W.  Armstrong Ontario. 

N.  Eaton   Ontario. 

Stratton  Petaluma. 

Leonard  Coates  Nursery  Co Morgan  Hill. 

Whenever  planters  desire  only  small  quantities  of  stock  it  will  be 
advisable  to  secure  it  from  a  dealer.  The  price  demanded  for  seedlings 
will  be  considerably  higher  than  the  actual  cost  of  raising  the  seedlings. 
but  not  sufficiently  great  to  warrant  small  planters  attempting  to 
propagate  their  own  seedlings.  Generally,  the  regular  price  will  be 
reduced  by  a  nurseryman  even  to  a  small  planter  who  contracts  in 
advance  for  a  stated  number  of  seedlings. 

If  large  quantities  of  seedlings  are  to  be  used  annually  for  several 
consecutive  years,  the  saving  in  the  cost  of  seedlings  will  warrant  the 
planter  in  establishing  a  small  nursery  and  propagating  his  own  stock. 
The  practicability  of  doing  this  depends  largely  on  the  local  prices 
demanded  for  seedlings,  however,  and  on  the  facilities  at  hand  for 
raising  them. 

The  prices  for  seedlings  exacted  by  nurserymen  in  different  parts  of 
the  State  vary  from  $8  to  $30  per  thousand,  depending  largely  on  the 
local  demand.  Hence,  if  a  planter  lives  in  a  locality  where  $30  per 
thousand  is  asked,  it  is  expedient,  at  least,  to  use  home-grown  seedlings. 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


15 


On  the  other  hand,  if  but  $8  per  thousand  is  demanded,  generally,  it 
will  be  more  advisable  to  purchase  them  outright  than  to  assume  the 
initial  expense  of  preparation  and  the  subsequent  work  of  propagating' 
the  plants,  although  they  can  be  raised  for  $2.50  to  $3.50  per  thousand. 
Cheapness  is  not  the  only  quality  which  commends  home-grown  seed- 
lings. The  certainty  of  having  them  when  they  are  wanted  is  assured, 
and  generally  higher-grade  stock  can  be  raised  than  nurserymen  supply. 
The  risk  entailed  in  transporting  seedlings  from  the  nursery  to  the 
planting  site  is  also  avoided. 


1 

W^sf. 

PLATE    4. 


Sugar  gum  plantation.  1  year  old,  in 
Los  Angeles  Valley.  Trees  now  7 
feet  tall. 


Blue  gum  plantation,  l  year  old.  in  Los 
Angeles  Valley.  Trees  now  ll  feel 
tall. 


XTRSERY   PRACTK  i:. 

Lath  House.  As  stated  under  the  heading  "Tolerance,"  Eucalyptus 
seedlings  are  naturally  shade-dema inline  and  succeed  best  under  partial 
cover.  This  condition  is  created  artificially  by  the  construction  of  a 
lath  house,  within  which  the  seedlings  are  raised  to  planting  size.  The 
amount  of  light  admitted  is  determined  by  the  width  of  the  spaces 
hehveen  the  laths.  In  practice  it  has  been  found  thai  half  Lighl  and 
half  shade,  secured  by  spacing  the  laths  a  distance  equal  to  their  width, 
is  about  right. 

It  sometimes  happens  thai  the  seedlings  are  attacked  by  a  fungous 
disease  called  "damping  off,"  which  really  amounts  to  the  rotting  of 
the  stems  just  at  the  surface  of  the  soil.  This  disease  is  particularly 
liable  to  appear  if  the  seedlings  are  watered  too  much,  or  in  the  late 


16  STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

after) o    when    the  soil    remains   wet   overnight,    or   when   they   are 

over-shaded.  To  check  it,  it  is  necessary  to  admit  more  Light  or  to 
sprinkle  the  surface  of  the  seed  boxes  with  dry  sand.  In  any  case 
the  admission  of  light  and  the  freer  circulation  of  air  are  desirable, 
hence  I  he  laths  should  be  put  on  in  panels  so  they  can  be  removed  if 
desired. 

Another  point  to  be  observed  in  constructing  a  lath  house,  particularly 
in  windy  locations,  is  to  lay  the  lath  on  the  sides  of  the  house  diagonally 
instead  of  vertically  or  horizontally.  This  will  give  the  house  greater 
st  rength. 

The  size  of  the  house  must  be  determined  by  the  number  of  seedlings 
required  per  year.  As  a  general  guide  it  is  safe  to  count  on  forty 
seedlings  for  every  square  foot  of  floor  space  enclosed. 

Seed  Boxes.  It  is  desirable  to  sow  Eucalyptus  seeds  in  boxes  instead 
of  in  the  open  soil,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  handling  of  seedlings  and 
to  control  the  development  of  their  roots.  The  boxes  should  be  about 
18  to  20  inches  in  surface  dimension  by  3  or  4  inches  deep,  and  filled 
almost  to  the  top  with  fire,  mineral  soil,  free  from  weed  seed.  This 
should  be  smoothed  uniformly,  care  being  taken  not  to  leave  any 
hollows  or  holes,  and  not  more  than  1.000  seeds  should  be  sown  in  each 
box.  After  sowing,  the  seed  should  be  covered  a  little  deeper  than  the 
diameter  of  the  seed  with  a  layer  of  fine  sand. 

After  the  seed  is  sown,  a  very  light  layer  of  leaf -mold,  or  sawdust, 
should  be  sprinkled  on  the  surface  of  the  soil.  This  will  help  to  retain 
the  mosisture  and  thus  hasten  germination.  During  warm  weather 
germination  may  be  expected  in  from  four  to  ten  days.  When  the 
seedlings  appear  above  the  surface  the  sawdust  may  be  removed.  Some 
contend  that  redwood  sawdust  prevents  damping  off,  but  the  reason 
for  this  is  not  clear. 

Watering  Seedlings.  The  regulation  of  the  water  supply  for  Eucalyp- 
tus seedlings  requires  careful  attention.  Too  much  and  too  little  water 
injures  them  equally.  Nearly  every  difficulty  experienced  in  raising 
Eucalyptus  seedlings  can  be  overcome  by  gauging  the  water  supply  so 
that  the  soil  is  kept  moderately  moist  at  all  times  during  the  sunny 
part  of  the  clay  and  somewhat  drier  at  night.  If  the  seedlings  begin  to 
wilt,  they  should  be  examined  immediately  and  carefully  to  ascertain 
whether  the  wilting  is  due  to  drought  or  "damping  off,"  for  in  the 
former  case  water  is  needed,  while  in  the  latter  a  drying  process,  already 
described,  should  be  instituted.  The  symptoms  are  very  similar  and 
should  not  be  confused. 

As  a  general  rule  it  is  safer  to  err  on  the  side  of  too  little  water  rather 
than  on  that  of  too  much.  It  should  be  given  during  the  day  when 
there  is  a  considerable  period  of  sunlight  ahead.     During  the  last  two 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS.  17 

or  three  weeks  before  planting,  the  seedlings  can  be  hardened  and  made 
more  woody  by  curtailing  their  water  supply,  though  it  should  not  be 
withdrawn  enough  to  stunt  them. 

Transplanting.  If  the  1,000  seeds  planted  in  each  box  germinate  and 
grow  well  they  will  begin  to  crowd  each  other  when  the  seedlings  are 
about  two  inches  tall.  When  this  condition  obtains  it  should  be  relieved 
by  pulling  out  all  but  100,  which  should  be  left  evenly  distributed  in 
each  box.    Those  removed  should  be  transplanted  in  other  boxes. 

In  removing  them  from  one  box  to  another  the  roots  of  the  seedlings 
should  not  be  exposed  to  the  air  too  long.  Eucalyptus  seedlings  are 
not  so  tender  as  those  of  conifers,  however,  and  will  revive  after  con- 
siderable hardship. 

Immediately  after  being  transplanted  the  seedlings  are  likely  to  wilt 
slightly.  If  watered  freely  and  shaded  well  for  a  few  days,  however, 
they  will  revive,  unless  the  roots  have  been  killed  by  exposure  during 
the  operation.  To  avoid  this  it  is  advisable  to  transplant  on  a  cloudy 
or  foggy  day. 

Protection  of  Nursery.  The  damage  to  nursery  stock  caused  by  birds 
and  small  rodents  can  be  controlled  by  preventing  them  from  effecting 
an  entrance  to  the  lath  house.  Ants,  however,  are  likely  to  invade  the 
lath  house  and  cause  considerable  trouble  if  left  unmolested.  They  can 
be  kept  from  the  seedlings  by  painting  the  edges  of  the  boxes  with 
corrosive  sublimate,  which  the  ants  will  not  cross.  An  established  colony 
can  be  killed  by  pouring  carbon  bisulphid  into  the  passage  holes,  which 
should  then  be  plugged  with  dirt  to  confine  the  gas. 

FIELD  PLANTING. 

In  the  portions  of  California  suitable  for  Eucalyptus  culture  the  sea- 
son is  divided  between  periods  of  drought  and  abundant  rainfall.  In 
some  sections  the  summer  drought  is  broken  by  rains  in  October;  in 
others  it  may  continue  till  late  in  November  or  December,  or  even  later. 
If  late  in  January  or  in  February  sufficient  rain  has  fallen  to  moisten 
the  soil  to  a  depth  of  one  foot  or  more,  planting  should  be  begun  in 
order  that  the  plantation  may  become  established  during  the  continuance 
of  the  rainy  season. 

No  fixed  rules  to  govern  planting  need  be  given.  Every  planter  can 
best  decide  for  himself  what  arrangement  of  his  men  gives  best  results. 
On  wild,  uncultivable  land  it  has  frequently  been  found  advantageous 
to  divide  the  men  into  three  squads.  The  first,  consisting  of  men 
equipped  with  mattocks,  precedes  the  other  and  prepares  holes  for  the 
seedlings  by  removing  the  sod  and  digging  up  the  mineral  soil.  The 
2— BF 


18  STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

second  follows,  each  man  having  a  box  of  plants  and  an  ordinary  trowel, 
which  he  uses  to  scoop  out  the  loosened  soil,  making  a  hole  to  receive 
the  plant,  about  the  roots  of  which  he  packs  soil  closely.  The  third, 
consisting  of  less  than  half  the  number  of  either  of  the  others,  keeps 
the  second  squad  supplied  with  plants.  On  tilled  land  the  first  squad 
may  be  dispensed  with. 

SPACING. 

The  proper  spacing  of  seedlings  in  a  plantation  is  a  matter  of  first 
importance.  Upon  it  depends  the  number  of  seedlings  required  per 
acre,  the  length  of  time  cultivation  is  necessary,  the  rate  of  growth  of 
the  trees,  and  the  character  of  the  product.  California  planters,  observ- 
ing the  small  spindling  trees  in  the  interior  of  dense  plantations  and 
the  larger  trees  along  the  edges,  have  inclined  to  very  wide  spacing. 
For  different  plantations  the  spacing  has  varied  from  4  by  4  feet  to  16 
by  16  feet,  and  the  opinion  is  prevalent  that  spacing  8  by  8  feet  is  too 
close.  The  very  rapid  growth  of  eucalypts  soon  closes  up  an  open  plan- 
tation and  seems  to  warrant  wider  spacing  than  is  advisable  with  most 
slower-growing  trees.  For  best  results,  however,  Eucalyptus  planta- 
tions should  not  be  spaced  closer  than  6  by  6  feet,  nor  wider  than  10  by 
10  feet  for  any  purpose. 

The  wider  spacing  is  allowable  if  firewood  is  the  only  product  sought. 
For  ties,  piles,  poles,  dimension  stuff,  or  any  material  in  which  good 
form  is  an  indispensable  quality,  the  plantations  should  be  spaced  not 
wider  than  8  by  8  feet.  Sugar  and  lemon  gums,  which  naturally  grow 
tall  and  spindling  with  scanty  foliage,  should  be  spaced  6  by  6  feet 
preferably,  and  never  more  than  8  by  8  feet.  A  similar  spacing  is 
recommended  to  correct  the  crooked-growing  tendency  of  red  gum. 

Uniformity  of  spacing  should  always  be  attempted.  Sometimes  the 
topography  of  the  planting  area  will  render  its  attainment  impossible, 
or  at  least  impracticable,  in  which  case  it  should  be  approached. 

Level,  tilled  land  can  be  marked  to  insure  uniformity  of  spacing.  On 
unfilled  land  uniformity  may  be  approximated  by  keeping  the  men  in 
the  mattock  squad  in  line.  Where  extensive  planting  operations  are 
carried  on  one  man  may  be  detailed  to  set  flags  at  stepped  distances 
apart,  to  guide  the  mattock  men  on  the  ends  of  the  line.  Those  between 
them  will  soon  learn  to  keep  an  equal  distance  apart. 

CULTIVATION. 

Wherever  the  condition  of  the  planting  area  lends  itself  readily  to 
cultivation,  this  treatment  should  be  accorded  the  plantation  at  least 
two  or  three  times  during  each  of  the  first  two  dry  seasons  after  plant- 
ing. Once  a  month  is  better.  Plantations  on  untilled  land  will  respond 
sufficiently  to  hoeing  to  warrant  its  practice  once,  at  least. 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTI'S  PLANTERS. 


19 


PLATE  5.  Result  of  a  severe  ground  Are  In  an  pld  Eucalyptus  stund.  Trunks 
charred,  many  trees  killed  and  fallen,  the  mound  burned  clear  <>f  litter,  and 
now  sprinkled  with'  leaves  from  ffre-fnjiired   tri.s. 


20  STATE    HOARD   OF   FORESTRY. 

Too  great  stress  can  not  be  laid  on  the  benefits  derivable  from  cultiva- 
tion. Not  only  is  the  weed  growth,  detrimental  to  plantations,  destroyed, 
but  the  surface  soil  is  loosened  and  evaporation  is  checked.  The  planter 
who  attends  carefully  to  the  cultivation  of  his  grove  will  be  rewarded 
by  the  greater  number  of  trees  which  withstand  the  drought  and  by 
the  more  rapid  growth  of  his  plantation. 

COST  OF  PLANTATIONS. 

The  total  cost  of  establishing  and  caring  for  plantations  during  the 
first  two  years  has  varied  from  $15  to  over  $50  per  acre.  An  expense 
of  $25  per  acre  is  generally  considered  a  fair  figure.  However,  this 
cost  is  the  result  of  setting  out  small  groves,  for  which  seedlings  have 
generally  been  purchased  from  nurserymen.  When  stock  is  grown  in 
a  home  nursery  the  cost  of  planting  large  areas  should  not  exceed  $15 
or  $20  per  acre.  Small  groves  for  which  plant  material  is  purchased 
will  generally  entail  a  higher  expense. 

PROTECTION. 

Once  the  plantation  is  well  established  its  protection  from  fire  and 
roving  stock  is  the  chief  feature  of  management  to  demand  attention. 
Eucalypts  are  particularly  inflammable,  because  of  the  oil  contained 
in  their  foliage  and  bark,  hence  even  a  slow  fire  causes  serious  injury. 

Plantations  established  in  open  country  should  have  a  strip  fully  a 
rod  wide  plowed  around  them  every  spring,  particularly  if  they  are 
situated  near  a  railroad  or  in  a  locality  frequented  by  hunters.  In 
addition,  the  owner  or  caretaker  of  the  plantation  should  secure  an 
appointment  as  fire  warden  from  the  State  Forester,  and  obtain  a  supply 
of  fire-warning  notices  to  post  conspicuously  in  the  vicinity  of  the  plan- 
tation. Although  the  danger  from  fire  is  great  in  many  portions  of  the 
State,  planters  should  not  be  deterred  by  it,  for  they  have  full  redress 
for  damages  through  a  civil  action,  whenever  sufficient  evidence  of  the 
careless  or  malicious  origin  of  the  fire  can  be  collected. 

Roving  stock  of  all  kinds  should  be  strictly  excluded  from  the  planta- 
tions. The  need  for  this  is  particularly  great  while  the  trees  are  small 
enough  to  be  trampled  upon. 

Gophers,  squirrels,  rabbits  and  other  rodents  which  infest  and  damage 
young  plantations  should  be  destroyed  by  firearms  or  poison. 

CUTTING,   THINNING  AND  PRUNING. 

All  operations  which  curtail  the  foliage  of  the  tree  should  be  per- 
formed during  the  late  fall  or  winter,  when  its  functioning  processes 
are  suspended  or  least  active.    If  this  is  done  the  surface  cut  will  heal 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS.  21 

during  the  time  the  tree  is  dormant  and  loss  of  vitality  by  ' '  bleeding ' ' 
will  be  avoided. 

In  cutting,  care  should  be  exercised  to  slope  the  stump  like  the  roof 
of  a  house,  so  that  the  rain  falling  on  it  will  be  conducted  off  instead 
of  sinking  in  and  permitting  fungous  growth  to  start.  It  is  also 
advisable  to  cut  the  stumps  very  low  the  first  time,  for  succeeding  cut- 
tings will  have  to  be  higher  to  avoid  the  thickened  growth  caused  by  the 
production  of  numerous  coppice  shoots. 

The  advisability  of  thinning  depends  on  the  age  which  the  grove  will 
be  allowed  to  attain  and  the  use  to  which  the  product  is  to  be  put.  If 
the  grove  is  to  be  cut  for  firewood  when  six  or  seven  years  old.  thinning 
will  not  be  advisable.  But  if  the  plantation  is  expected  to  produce  tele- 
phone or  telegraph  poles,  piles  or  dimension  material,  which  will  require 
longer  to  mature,  a  moderate  thinning  will  be  advisable  during  the  win- 
ter of  the  fifth  or  sixth  year  after  the  trees  have  been  forced  into  height 
by  crowding.  As  soon  as  the  competition  for  light  is  relieved  by  thin- 
ning, the  rate  of  height  growth  will  decrease  and  that  of  diameter  will 
increase. 

The  degree  of  thinning  must  always  be  determined  by  the  condition 
of  the  plantation  and  the  character  of  the  product  desired.  Groves 
should  never  be  opened  enough  to  permit  the  growth  of  weeds  or  to 
allow  the  slender  trees  to  be  thrown  by  the  winds.  Definite  rules  can 
not  be  given  in  advance.  Unless  the  planter  has  had  experience  enough 
to  guide  his  judgment,  it  will  be  advisable  to  secure  an  examination 
of  the  plantation  by  a  forester,  which  may  be  done  under  the  conditions 
of  Section  4  of  the  State  Forest  Law. 

Pruning  will  be  inadvisable  generally.  If  the  plantations  are  spaced 
properly  the  formation  of  objectionable  branches  will  be  prevented  by 
lack  of  light. 

GROWTH. 

The  measurements  upon  which  the  accompanying  tables  of  growth 
and  yield  are  based  were  taken  in  different  groves  upon  sample  plots 
aggregating  approximately  10  per  cent  of  the  total  area  of  Eucalyptus 
plantations  in  California.  Since  blue  gum  has  been  planted  com- 
mercially to  the  exclusion  of  other  eucalypts,  the  collection  of  data  was 
necessarily  restricted  to  plantations  of  this  species.  Although  the 
growth  of  blue  gum  is  the  most  rapid  of  the  eucalypts  planted  in  Cali- 
fornia, the  tables  may  be  used  to  estimate  the  growth  of  other  com- 
mercial species. 

The  portions  of  the  State  for  which  the  tables  may  be  regarded  as 
authoritative  are:  the  Bay  count  ies.  the  coast  region  near  Santa  Barbara; 
the  Los  Angeles  and  Santa   Ana  valleys,  and  the  coastal  valleys  near 


22  STATE  BOARD  OP  FORESTRY. 

San  Diego.  The  localities  in  which  the  groves  measured  are  situated 
are  mentioned  in  tables  4  to  10.  No  plantations  are  growing  in  other 
sections  of  the  State  from  which  data  upon  growth  and  yield  can  be 
obtained,  but  the  tables  will  undoubtedly  indicate  closely  the  growth  of 
blue  gum  throughout  its  planting  range. 

The  majority  of  the  groves  measured  were  situated  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, and  the  data  were  collected  after  the  succession  of  exceptionally 
dry  years  in  that  section  from  1898  to  1903.  The  growth  of  plantations 
was  considerably  retarded  during  that  period  of  very  low  rainfall,  the 
sites,  occupied  by  the  groves  giving  the  lowest  yield,  being  generally 
those  most  unfavorably  affected  by  the  drought.  The  majority  of  the 
groves  when  measured  were  less  than  eight  years  old,  hence  their 
growth  does  not  represent  the  maximum  productive  capacity  of  their 
sites.  It  is  believed  the  tables  are  very  conservative  for  the  growth  of 
blue  gum  in  California. 

Tables  1  to  3  show  the  volumes  of  blue  gum  trees  in  cubic  feet,  cords 
and  board  feet.  For  these  tables  measurements  of  seedlings  and  sprout 
trees  were  combined,  since  they  differ  but  little  in  form  and  habit  of 
growth.  The  cubic  foot  and  cordwood  tables  are  based  on  the  computa- 
tion of  the  contents  of  entire  trees.  The  volume  and  the  clear  length 
only,  scaled  by  the  Scribner  rule,  was  used  for  the  board  foot  table. 
Owing  to  the  scarcity  of  plantations  of  older  and  larger  trees,  volumes 
tan  not  be  given  for  trees  over  160  feet  in  height,  24  inches  in  diameter, 
and  30  years  of  age. 

In  both  the  volume  and  yield  tables  for  cordwood,  the  New  England 
cord  of  128  cubic  feet  is  used.  The  results  were  obtained  by  dividing 
the  figures  given  in  the  cubic  foot  tables  by  90  cubic  feet,  which  repre- 
sents very  closely  the  average  solid  contents  of  a  cord  of  Eucalyptus 
wood.  However,  the  New  England  cord  is  little  used  in  California,  a 
cord  of  96  cubic  feet,  or  about  65  cubic  feet  solid  contents  being  in 
general  favor.  To  change  from  New  England  to  California  cords,  the 
amounts  should  be  increased  one-fourth. 

Tables  from  4  to  10  record  the  growth  and  yield  of  individual  blue 
gum  plantations.  Separate  tables  have  been  constructed  for  seedling 
and  sprout  plantations  upon  different  types  of  soils.  Portions  of  many 
sprout  groves  have  been  cut  at  different  periods,  and  represent  the 
growth  at  different  ages.  Therefore,  different  portions  of  the  same 
groves  are  often  separated  in  the  tables  to  permit  arrangement  of  the 
sample  plots  by  successive  ages,  and  to  show  the  progress  of  growth 
and  yield. 

In  the  sprout  yield  tables  the  number  of  trees  in  the  column  showing 
the  present  stand  per  acre  is  often  several  times  as  great  as  would 
result  from  the  spacing  mentioned.     This  is  due  to  the  number  of 


A   HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTI'S  PLANTERS. 


23 


sprouts  allowed  to  grow  up  from  a  stump  after  cutting  the  seedling  tree. 
In  the  seedling  table  the  number  of  trees  in  the  present  stand  is  fre- 
quently lower  than  the  spacing  would  indicate.  This  results  from  the 
thinning  or  burning  of  the  stand  or  the  natural  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber of  trees.  If  a  stand  has  been  thinned  or  burned,  the  fact  is  noted  in 
the  column  headed  "Remarks." 


TABLE  1.— Volume  of  Blue  Gum  Seedlings  and  Sprouts. 


Diameter 

Total  height— Feet. 

high. 

30 

40      50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

no 

120 

130 

110 

150 

160 

Inches. 
2 

0.4    0.7 
6      .9 

1.0 
1  <? 

1.3 

1.7 
2.3 
3.2 
4.3 
5.7 
7.3 
9.0 

Vo 

lit  me — 

Cubic 

Feet. 

3 

4 

10    14    1  f* 

2.8 
3.9 
5.2 
6.8 
8.6 
10.7 

3.3 

4.8 
6.4 

» 

5 

16    9  1 

2.6 
3.6 
4.8 

5.8 

7.6 

6 

3.0 

9.0 
11.0 
13.5 
16.4 

8.1        9.6 
10.1  <    11.8 
12.4      14.4 
15.0      17.2 

17.6  20.4 
20.4      23.7 

23.7  27.2 

8 

15.4 
18.6 

9 

20.5 

10 

19.6      22.1 

24.7 
29.1 
33.5 
38.0 
42.3 
46.6 
50.9 
55.0 

27.3 

32.0 
36.8 
41.5 
46.3 
51.2 
56.0 
60.8 
65.8 
70.7 

11 

23.0 
26.6 
30.7 

26.0 
30.9 
34.4 
39.2 

12 

13 

45.7 

14 

51.3 
56.8 
62.5 

15 

16 

71.6 

84.2 

17 

68.4      78.3 
74.2!    84.9 
80.0     91.5 
86.0     98.6 

91.0 

18 

98.0 

19 

105.0 

20 

112.5 

21 

105.8 

120.0 

22 

112.8 
120.0 

127.5 

23 

135.0 

24 


STATE   HOARD   OF   FORESTRY. 


TABLE  2. -Volume  of  Blue  Gum  Seedlings  and  Sprouts. 


Diameter 

Total  height— Feet. 

breasthigli. 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90   100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150   160 

Inches. 
2 

0.01 
.01 
.02 
.02 
.03 

0  01 
.01 
.02 
.03 
.04 
.05 

0.01 
.02 
.03 
.04 
.05 
.06 
.08 
.10 

Vo 

lume 

—Cor 

ds. 

3 

0  01 
.01 
.02 

4 

0.03 
.04 
.06 
.08 
.10 
.12 

0.04 
.05 
.07 
.09 
.11 
.14 
.17 
.20 
.23 
.26 

5 

0.06 
.08 
.11 
.13 
.16 
.19 
.23 
.26 
.30 

6 

0.10 
.12 

.15 
.18 
.22 
.26 
.30 
.34 

7 .. 

8 

0.17 
.21 
.25 
.29 
.34 
.38 
.44 

9 

0.23 
.27 
.32 
.37 

.42 
.47 
.52 
.57 
.61 

- 

10 

0.30 
.36 
.41 
.46 
.51 
.57 
.62 
.68 
.73 

11 

12 

13 

0.51 
.57 
.63 
.69 
.76 
.82 
.89 
.96 

14 

15 

16 

0.80 

.87 

0.94 

17 

1.01 

18 

.94   1.09 

19 

.79 

1.02 
1.10 
1.18 
1.25 
1.33 

1.17 

20 

1.25 

21 

1.33 

22 

1.42 

23 

1.50 

TABLE  3.— Volume  of  Blue  Gum  Seedlings  and  Sprouts. 


Diameter 

Total  height— Feet. 

breasthigh. 

I 
50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

Inches. 
7 

5 
10 
15 

5 
10 
20 
30 

10 
15 
25 
35 
50 

10 

20 
30 
45 
60 
75 

Vo 
15 
25 
35 
50 
70 
90 
110 

lame— 
15 
30 
45 
60 
80 
100 
120 

Board 

20 

35 

50 

70 

90 

110 

130 

150 

feet. 

8.   

9 

60 
80 
100 
120 
145 
165 
190 
220 
250 
280 

10 

90 
110 
135 
160 
190 
220 
255 
290 
325 

11 

12 

13 

14 

220 
255 
290 
330 
370 
415 
460 

15 

16 

330 
370 
415 
460 
505 

370 

17 

420 

18 

465 

19 

515 

20 

565 

21 

555  !   620 

22 

600    675 

23 

650 

725 

24 

775 

A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


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33 


The  blue  gum  has  gained  the  reputation  of  possessing  a  phenomenal 
rate  of  growth,  and  by  an  inspection  of  the  figures  of  average  and 
maximum  growth  this  may  be  appreciated.  Under  favorable  conditions 
trees  in  seedling  plantations  have  reached  a  maximum  development  of 
5  inches  in  diameter  and  67  feet  in  height  in  four  years.  This  represents 
an  average  of  17  feet  height  growth  per  year,  though  a  growth  of  10  to 
15  feet  in  height  yearly  is  the  general  average.  In  the  height  of  the  first 
growing  season  seedlings  have  frequently  been  observed  to  make  an 
average  height  growth  of  6  inches  a  day.  The  most  rapid  seedling 
growth  noted  was  made  by  a  tree  which  in  nine  years  reached  a  height 
of  125  feet  and  a  diameter  of  36  inches.  As  is  usual  among  vigorously 
sprouting  trees,  sprouts  upon  old  root  systems  surpass  seedlings  in  rate 
of  growth.  Ages  are  occasionally  recorded  in  the  sprout  tables  in  frac- 
tions of  a  year,  representing  the  number  of  months'  growth.  In  eight 
months  a  maximum  diameter  of  3  inches  and  34  feet  height  has  been 
reached  while  in  three  years  a  maximum  diameter  of  7  inches  and  70 
feet  in  height  has  been  attained. 

In  different  groves  and  even  upon  different  sample  plots  in  the  same 
grove  a  considerable  variation  in  yield  is  shown,  often  ranging  from 
maximum  to  minimum  upon  the  same  soil.  This  variation  is  determined 
to  some  extent  by  the  character  of  the  planting  site,  the  permeability  of 
the  soil  and  the  moisture  available,  and  partly  by  the  density  of  plant- 
ing. It  is  governed  mainly,  however,  by  the  density  of  the  present  stand 
of  trees  in  consequence  of  the  treatment  accorded  after  planting.  The 
deterioration  of  a  grove  because  of  lack  of  cultivation  or  protection,  or 
from  neglect  after  cutting,  is  sufficient  to  reduce  the  yield  to  a  mini- 
mum on  sites  capable  of  maximum  production.  Unfortunately,  the 
variation  of  this  factor  prevents  its  use  in  the  construction  of  tables. 

Sufficient  data  are  not  available  from  the  measurements  of  young 
plantations  to  construct  a  complete  table,  giving  the  yield  of  poles  and 
piles  at  different  ages.  A  tree  with  a  butt  diameter  of  9  inches  is 
required  to  produce  a  pole  of  the  smallest  merchantable  size,  namely, 
20  feet  long  with  a  top  diameter  of  7  inches.  Sprout  stands  are  usually 
cut  before  eight  years  of  age,  and  in  this  time  the  yield  of  poles  is  low. 
since  few  trees  in  dense  sprout  stands  attain  the  butt  diameter  required. 
The  acre  yield  of  poles  having  a  top  diameter  of  7  inches  from  two 
representative  seedling  plantations  of  maximum  growth  lias  been  esti- 
mated as  follows : 

TABLE  11.— Yield  of  Poles  per  Acre. 


No. 

Age. 

•20  Feet. 

30  Feet. 

40  Feet. 

50  Feet. 

60  Peel 

Total. 

1 

2 

16 

16 

37 
30 

35 

27 

21 
16 

17 

13 

8 

123 
90 

Each  of  these  acres  yielded,  in  addition,  30  cords  of  fuelwood. 
3 — BF. 


34  STATE  BOARD  OF    FORESTRY. 

ECONOMIC  PLANTING. 

Windbreaks.  The  protection  afforded  by  windbreaks  must  be  reck- 
oned an  important  factor  in  the  horticultural  development  of  California. 
The  necessity  of  windbreak  protection  in  many  sections  of  the  State 
is  so  great  that  without  it  certain  crops  can  not  be  raised.  Many  trees 
are  suitable  for  windbreak  planting,  yet  California  farmers  are  united 
in  the  opinion  that  Monterey  cypress  is  the  only  competitor  of  blue  gum 
and  other  eucalypts  for  this  purpose. 

The  eucalypts  excel  other  species  in  their  towering  height  and  rapid 
growth,  thus  affording  a  protection  most  quickly.  The  trees  are  slender 
and  open-crowned,  but  double  rows  of  trees  or  close  planting  provide  a 
strong  check  against  the  wind.  The  blue  gum  surpasses  all  others  for 
this  purpose,  and  should  be  used  throughout  its  thermal  range.  Its  tall, 
limber  shafts  yield  before  the  wind  and  act  as  a  cushion  to  deflect  the 
air  currents  upward  over  an  orchard,  while  ordinary  windbreak  trees 
form  a  solid  wall  on  the  leeward  side  of  which  the  wind  draws  down 
and  forms  eddies. 

In  the  open  valleys  of  Southern  California  Eucalyptus  windbreaks 
have  become  a  prominent  feature  of  the  landscape  and  their  presence 
is  recognized  as  indispensable  to  successful  orcharding.  To  their  pro- 
tection may  be  attributed  in  large  measure  the  fine  quality  of  the  Cali- 
fornia citrus  crop,  and  in  this  way  these  trees  return  vast  sums  annually 
to  the  State.  In  citrus  sections,  such  as  the  Santa  Paula,  San  Fernando. 
San  Bernardino,  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  valleys,  windbreaks  alone 
render  the  production  of  citrus  fruits  profitable.  In  unprotected 
orchards,  nearly  the  entire  crop  is  frequently  blown  from  the  trees,  or 
so  scarred  and  bruised  that  the  grade  and  market  value  are  much 
reduced.  Orchard  trees  are  even  broken  or  partially  defoliated  during 
severe  storms.  To  avert  this  danger  and  improve  the  grade  of  fruits, 
windbreak  planting  is  being  greatly  extended  even  in  old  citrus  sections. 

More  extensive  shelter-planting  is  advisable  in  many  sections  of  the 
State,  notably  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys.  Hitherto 
windbreaks  have  been  used  chiefly  to  shelter  citrus  orchards,  but  now 
they  are  coming  into  favor  to  shelter  vineyards,  deciduous  orchards, 
olives  and  walnuts.  Much  more  extensive  development  may  be  attained 
by  their  use  in  sections  where  strong  or  cold  winds  are  felt.  Along  the 
coast,  shelter  from  sea  winds  is  found  to  increase  the  yield  of  grain 
crops. 

Eucalyptus  windbreaks  in  some  sections  have  changed  the  aspect  of 
the  country  and  by  moderating  the  winds  have  greatly  improved  the 
climate.  Waste,  sandy,  stretches  have  been  turned  to  productive 
agricultural  use.  In  the  region  of  Oxnard  the  towering  windbreak 
lines  hold  the  loose  sand  from  drifting  before  the  steadv  sea  winds,  and 


A   HANDBOOK   FOR  EUCALYPTI'S   PLANTERS. 


35 


the  region  has  thus  become,  largely  through  their  agency,  an  important 
center  of  sugar-beet  production. 


PLATE  6.  Avenue  planted  with  blue  gum  trees  in  San  Bernardino  Valley.  Trees 
serve  as  windbreaks  for  citrus  orchards.  They  are  12  i"  20  inches  in 
diameter  and  125   feel   high  al    12   to    15  years  of  age. 

Along  the  coast  the  planting  of  shelter  belts  for  the  protection  of 

towns  has  been  practiced  to  some  extent,  to  the  greater  comfort  of  the 


36  STATE   HOARD  OF   FORESTRY. 

resident  population.  This  branch  of  shelter  planting  should  be  extended 
particularly  on  the  windward  side  of  seaport  towns,  where  windbreaks 
in  proper  places  will  protect  anchored  vessels  and  facilitate  shipping. 
Windbreak  planting  should  also  be  practiced  in  many  coast  localities 
to  hold  the  sand  from  drifting  inland  and  covering  up  valuable  agricul- 
tural land,  crops  and  dwellings. 

Fully  grown  Eucalyptus  windbreaks  running  at  right  angles  to  the 
direction  of  the  prevailing  winds  every  quarter  mile  across  level  country 
afford  effective  protection.  Near  the  foothills  the  lines  should  be  closer 
together,  since  the  winds  blowing  down  from  the  mountains  gain  greater 
velocity.  Through  orchards  they  are  generally  located  every  100  or  200 
feet.  Though  a  heavy  wind  may  be  swaying  the  tops  of  the  trees  in  a 
windbreak,  usually  there  is  hardly  any  stir  in  the  air  near  the  ground 
within  a  well-protected  citrus  orchard.  The  wind  is  never  sufficiently 
strong  to  whip  the  foliage  or  injure  the  fruit. 

All  crops  protected  in  this  way  suffer  less  from  winds  than  open- 
grown  crops.  They  remain  uninjured  when  unprotected  crops  are 
blighted,  unless  the  arrangement  of  the  windbreaks  results  in  defective 
wind-drainage  and  the  formation  of  a  frost  hole.  After  a  cold  night, 
during  frosty  winter  months,  the  shade  cast  by  a  windbreak  on  the 
eastern  side  of  an  orchard  will  often  prevent  injury  from  too  rapid 
thawing. 

Citrus  trees  are  unfavorably  affected  by  shade,  hence  the  yield  of 
fruit  of  rows  adjoining  a  windbreak  is  often  lessened.  Windbreaks  on 
the  north  and  east  sides  of  an  orchard  are  less  harmful  than  on  the 
west  or  south  side.  Under  ordinary  conditions  the  south  side  of  an 
orchard  should  be  left  open  for  wind-drainage. 

The  best  spacing  of  gum  trees  for  windbreaks  is  4  feet  apart  each 
way  in  double  rows.  The  trees  of  the  second  row  should  be  planted 
opposite  the  open  spaces  in  the  first  row.  Double,  or  even  triple,  rows 
should  be  planted  where  the  winds  are  severe.  Triple  rows  will  always 
be  adequate  for  crop  protection,  though  shelter  belts  from  10  to  20  rows 
wide  may  be  advisable  to  protect  from  strong  sea  winds. 

Monterey  cypress  is  frequently  planted  alternately  or  in  double  rows 
with  eucalypts  to  maintain  a  dense  shelter  near  the  ground,  since  the 
gum  trees  clear  the  lower  stem  with  later  growth,  giving  access  to  the 
winds.  This  combination  is  an  excellent  one,  since  great  density  is 
united  with  towering  height.  The  cypress  is  well  adapted  to  this  use 
by  its  tolerance  of  shade.  Cypress  and  eucalypts  should  be  planted  in 
separate  rows  and  not  alternated  in  the  same  row,  the  cypress  being 
located  on  the  windward  side  of  the  line,  excepting  on  the  north  side 
of  a  field,  where  it  should  be  planted  on  the  south  side  of  the  line  to 
receive  more  light. 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS.  37 

On  irrigated  land  trees  are  not  compelled  to  root  deeply  for  moisture, 
hence  they  maintain  a  very  shallow  root  system.  If  a  Eucalyptus 
windbreak  surrounding  irrigated  land  is  not  irrigated,  its  roots  will 
extend  to  adjoining  orchards  and  appropriate  moisture  from  them  to 
supply  its  own  needs.  The  area  drawn  upon  depends  upon  the  size  of 
the  windbreak,  but  usually  it  is  not  greater  than  50  feet  each  way. 

To  prevent  this,  wide  root  extension  must  be  limited  and  the  sheltering 
trees  forced  to  root  into  deeper  soil  layers.  This  can  be  accomplished 
without  injury  to  the  shelter  belts,  by  running  a  parallel  trench  6  to  10 
feet  from  them.  The  trench  should  be  dug  3  or  4  feet  deep,  cutting  off 
the  surface  roots  of  the  gum  trees,  then  refilled  to  prevent  the  roots  from 
dipping  beneath  it  to  seek  the  orchard.  The  roots  will  then  spread  out 
in  the  loosened  soil  of  the  trench,  which  should  be  reopened  about  every 
second  year  to  restrain  their  extension  beyond  it,  The  result  is  to  compel 
deep  rooting,  which  is  attested  in  numerous  orchards  by  the  heavy  pro- 
duction of  citrus  trees  in  rows  adjacent  to  the  windbreak. 

Commercial  Plantations.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  small,  scattered 
groves  of  black  locust,  planting  for  timber  production  in  California  has 
been  confined  to  the  eucalypts  and  chiefly  to  the  blue  gum.  This  species 
has  been  grown  extensively  in  Southern  California  for  fuel,  and  except 
for  small  amounts  of  oak,  juniper,  mesquite  and  pine  has  supplied  the 
section  for  the  past  thirty  years. 

The  returns  on  investments  in  Eucalyptus  plantations  have  been 
generous,  in  many  cases  exceeding  those  received  from  equal  areas  under 
cultivation  in  orchards  or  agricultural  crops.  Groves  set  out  in  the 
fertile  Los  Angeles  valley  have  yielded  from  50  to  80  cords  per  acre 
at  every  cutting.  Yields  of  75  cords  per  acre  every  seven  or  eight  years 
have  been  frequent. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  several  thousand  acres  in  California 
planted  to  Eucalyptus.  The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  the  larger  fuel- 
wood  groves: 

Owner.  Locution.  \.Ci  i  '"/'  . 

(' r  Ellw I    200 

Bennett     I»<'l  Mar  200 

Nadeau   Florence   115 

Meeeham  Petaluma    T"1 

Varrick    Orange    90 

Hazard    I-"-  Angeles  !"' 

Thaxter  Florence   v< ' 

Xichol    Santa  Fe  Springs 80 

Smith    Berkeley 

Bixby    Long  Beach  80 

Rosencrans   Ga  rdena    su 

dnnn    Santa  Fe  Springs  50 

Hough    Huntington   Park    4<» 

Sexton    Comptou    [0 

Kellam  Compton   I" 


::s 


STATE  BOARD   OF   FORESTRY. 


p.  s 


•3   c 


A   HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


39 


40  STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

In  recent  yeai-s  several  plantations  of  large  size  have  been  established 
in  anticipation  of  a  market  for  gum  wood  of  merchantable  size  or  for 
poles,  piles,  and  railroad  ties. 

The  plantation  of  Mr.  Dwight  Whiting  at  El  Toro,  Orange  County, 
now  covering  1,000  acres,  is  the  most  extensive  commercial  plantation  in 
the  State.  Its  oldest  portions  are  now  three  years  old.  Planting  will 
be  continued  annually  until  a  forest  of  4,000  acres  is  established.  The 
plantation  consists  almost  entirely  of  gray,  red,  and  sugar  gums. 

The  Bixby  Company  of  Long  Beach  has  begun  the  planting  of  an 
area  of  about  3,000  acres  near  Orange,  Orange  County.  Blue,  gray, 
lemon  and  sugar  gums,  in  varying  proportions,  will  be  used. 

The  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company  has  recently  acquired  a  tract  of 
8,600  acres  in  San  Diego  County,  which  will  be  devoted  to  Eucalyptus 
production  to  supply  the  company  with  poles,  piles,  ties,  and  other 
timber.    The  gray,  lemon,  sugar  and  blue  gums  will  be  planted. 

The  Union  Lumber  Company,  located  at  Fort  Bragg,  Mendocino 
County,  is  the  first  lumber  organization  to  become  interested  in  the 
commercial  planting  of  Eucalyptus.  This  company  has  cut  over  an 
area  of  10,000  to  15,000  acres  of  redwood  during  the  course  of  its 
operations.  The  logged  redwood  lands  do  not  naturally  restock  with 
merchantable  timber,  because  space  between  stumps  afford  too  much 
entrance  to  lateral  light,  causing  the  production  of  limbs  and  hence 
knotty  timber.  Eucalyptus  will  be  planted  between  the  clumps  of 
coppice  shoots  to  cut  off  the  lateral  light  and  force  the  redwood  second- 
growth  into  height  development. 

The  Central  Counties  Land  Company,  which  has  recently  acquired 
extensive  holdings  on  and  near  Clear  Lake,  Lake  County,  has  begun  the 
propagation  of  blue  and  sugar  gum  seedlings  for  planting  on  its  lands 
both  for  ornamental  and  commercial  purposes. 

The  Pacific  Electric  Company  and  the  Ontario  Power  Company  have 
recently  acquired  smaller  tracts  in  Riverside  and  San  Bernardino 
counties,  upon  which  they  have  begun  planting  with  several  species 
of  Eucalyptus  to  raise  tie  timbers  and  poles  for  electric  wiring.  Exten- 
sive commercial  planting  is  also  being  undertaken  by  many  other  com- 
panies and  individual  landowners  in  several  different  sections  of  the 
State.  It  is  apparent  that  much  greater  attention  to  Eucalyptus  plant- 
ing may  be  expected  in  the  near  future. 

TIMBER  UTILIZATION. 

Fuelwood.  In  Southern  California  the  use  of  gum  fuelwood  has  been 
most  general.  Gum  cordwood  is  a  staple  fuel  and  may  be  found  on  sale 
in  woodyards  in  most  of  the  valley  sections  of  the  State.  In  the  northern 
valleys  it  is  much  less  common  than  in  Southern  California,  owing  to 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


41 


its  greater  scarcity  and  the  competition  of  valley  oaks,  which  have  been 
slaughtered  regardless  of  their  value  for  ornament  and  shade.  Fuel 
oils  have  supplanted  fuelwood  to  some  extent,  yet  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, where  fuel  oils  are  available,  fuelwoods  have  never  been  disposed 
of  at  a  sacrifice. 

Eucalyptus  wood  has  high  fuel  value.  It  makes  a  quick,  hot  fire, 
hence  it  is  very  suitable  for  cooking  purposes  and  for  use  in  open  fire- 
places.'  It  burns  with  a  bright  blaze  and  emits  a  pleasant,  aromatic 
odor.  In  heating  qualities  it  is  hardly  inferior  to  California  oak  wood. 
Most  consumers  are  prejudiced  in  favor  of  oak  wood,  however,  hence 
gum  wood  commands  a  lower  price  in  the  market  than  oak  or  mesquite. 
In  different  localities  the  price  of  gum  fuelwood  varies  from  $5  to  $14 


PLATE  9.  Cutting  a  6-year-old  stand  of  blue  gum  for  fuel.  Portable 
sawing  and  splitting  machine  ami  piled  cordwood  in  foreground. 
Stand  averages  80  feel  in  height.  Five  acres  cul  yielded  ::•"■"  Cali- 
fornia cords. 

per  cord,  with  tendencies  toward  the  latter.    Wood  of  the  slower-growing 

eucalypts  and  that  of  old  trees  possesses  higher  value  than  young  w 1 

from  quick-growing  species.     Green  gum  wood  makes  poor  fuel. 

Gum  wood  is  sold  by  the  short  cord  of  96  instead  of  128  cubic  feet, 
two  tiers  of  wood.  10  to  18  inches  long,  piled  *  feel  Long  and  4  feel 
high,  constituting  a  cord.  Ten-inch  wood  is  generally  sold  a1  the  same 
price  as  18-inch  wood,  without  protesl  by  the  consumer.  The  wood  cut 
from  the  rapid-grown  mini  sprouts  is  mainly  sapwood,  which  shrinks 
greatly  in  drying.  A  cord  will  lose  15  per  cent  or  more  of  its  volume  in 
seasoning. 

Cordwood  for  the  market  is  usually  cut  from  tall,  slender,  sprout- 
grown  trees  rarely  over  8  inches  in  diameter.  The  trees  are  sawed  into 
fuel  lengths  without  peeling  the  bark.     If  left   in  the  round  the  sticks 


4:2  STATE    BOARD   OF  FORESTRY. 

do  not  burn  as  well  as  if  split.  Splitting  must  not  be  delayed  after 
cutting,  as  the  wood  becomes  very  hard  upon  drying.  Wood  of  sugar 
and  red  gum  is  quite  straight-grained  and  splits  without  difficulty. 
Blue  gum  wood,  particularly  the  sap-wood  of  old,  open-grown  trees,  is 
very  tough  and  cross-grained.  The  interlocked  fibres  must  be  chopped 
through  in  splitting  and  seasoned  blocks  defy  all  attempts  to  split  them 
with  an  ax. 

A  small  industry  has  grown  up  in  Southern  California  through  the 
cutting  of  blue  gum  groves  for  fuel.  Traveling  cutting  concerns  under- 
take the  cutting  of  groves  by  contract,  employing  gangs  of  choppers 
and  operating  portable  sawing  and  splitting  machines  in  working  up 
the  product.  The  cost  of  cutting  varies  with  the  cost  of  labor  from  $2 
to  $3  per  cord,  and  a  margin  of  from  $3  to  $8  profit  is  left  the  owner, 
according  to  the  advantage  with  which  the  wood  is  sold  and  its  nearness 
to  market. 

Green  wood  should  be  piled  for  seasoning  away  from  contact  with 
the  ground.  The  wood  decays  rapidly  in  contact  with  the  soil  and 
soon  loses  its  fuel  value. 

A  superior  grade  of  charcoal  can  be  made  from  gum  wood.  Where 
old  groves  are  rooted  up  after  repeated  cuttings,  the  massive  stumps 
are  frequently  burned  for  charcoal,  and  cordwood  has  likewise  been 
used  to  some  extent  for  this  purpose. 

Posts.  A  supply  of  strong,  durable  fence  posts  is  one  of  the  greatest 
needs  of  the  California  rancher.  At  present,  dependence  is  placed  in 
redwood  and  to  a  limited  extent  in  local  plantations  of  black  locust. 
The  hardness  and  strength  of  Eucalyptus  wood  would  justify  its  use 
for  posts  if  it  were  more  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil.  Certain 
species,  notably  sugar  and  red  gum,  are  of  average  durability. 

Round  blue  gum  posts  from  sapling  groves  have  been  used  to  some 
extent,  but  without  satisfactory  results.  Split  or  sawn  posts  of  more 
mature  timber  would  doubtless  last  much  longer,  but  these  have  not 
been  widely  used  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  splitting  the  wood.  It  is 
apparent  that  Eucalyptus  has  fallen  into  disrepute  for  post  purposes 
without  receiving  a  thorough  trial. 

Experiments  in  seasoning  and  treating  Eucalyptus  to  determine  its 
durability  under  better  treatment  have  been  undertaken  recently  by 
the  Forest  Service  in  cooperation  with  the  State  of  California.  Thou- 
sands of  posts,  of  the  size  ordinarily  used,  were  cut  from  young  sprout 
plantations.  Some  were  set  green  and  unpeeled,  others  peeled  and 
seasoned.  Still  other  posts,  green,  seasoned,  peeled,  and  unpealed  were 
impregnated  with  hot  creosote  for  different  lengths  of  time  in  small 
portable  tanks.  They  were  then  given  distinguishing  marks  and  set  in 
fence  lines  in  soils  of  different  kinds. 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS.  43 

Examinations  of  the  posts  will  be  made  from  time  to  time  to  determine 
their  durability  under  different  methods  of  treatment.  The  experi- 
ment, when  concluded,  will  demonstrate  whether  blue  gum  may  be  used 
to  advantage  for  post  material. 

Red,  blue,  sugar  and  red  iron  bark  gums  were  used.  It  was  found 
that  all  yielded  to  treatment  remarkably  well.  The  average  cost  per 
post  was  6  or  7  cents  for  preservative  alone.  To  this  must  be  added 
the  minor  cost  items,  labor  and  wear  of  apparatus.  The  greater 
durability  of  treated  gum  posts  is  still  unknown,  but  judging  from  the 
increased  life  of  other  inferior  woods  after  treatment,  and  the  known 
value  of  creosote  as  a  preservative,  it  is  safe  to  predict  an  increased 
durability  all  out  of  proportion  to  the  cost  of  treatment. 

Poles.  A  large  amount  of  timber  is  used  annually  for  poles  for 
electric  wiring.  The  increase  in  value  has  almost  prohibited  the  use 
of  the  much  preferred  Oregon  pine  (Pseudotsin/a  taxifoUa),  and  pole 
timbers  of  lower  grade  have  come  into  use.  Oregon  cedar  from  which 
from  six  to  fifteen  years'  service  is  obtained,  depending  on  the  character 
of  the  soil  in  which  the  poles  are  set,  is  the  chief  substitute.  Experi- 
ments are  also  being  conducted  looking  toward  the  substitution  of  yellow 
pine  and  yellow  cedar.  Eucalyptus  poles  have  been  tried  to  a  limited 
extent,  and  may  be  expected  under  treatment  to  outlast  the  pole  timbers 
in  present  use. 

Railroad  Ties.  The  development  of  transcontinental,  interurban  and 
urban  railways  has  created  a  strong  demand  for  timber  suitable  for 
ties.  Eucalyptus  timber  has  not  yet  come  into  general  use  for  ties. 
although  the  indications  are  that  it  will  be  used  more  extensively  in  tin- 
future.  The  value  of  the  wood  for  tie  use  has  been  tested  by  the  South- 
ern Pacific  Company.  Some  hundreds  of  ties  of  California-grown  blue 
gum  were  laid  green  and  untreated  in  sandy  soil  in  the  roadbed  through 
central  Nevada.  They  exhibited  good  wearing  qualities  and  the  requisite 
strength,  but,  through  lack  of  proper  seasoning,  cheeked  badly,  so  that 
in  some  cases  they  failed  to  hold  the  spikes.  At  the  end  of  four  years 
the  ties  showed  no  signs  of  decay;  after  seven  years'  service  some  were 
worthless  from  decay,  but  some  were  sound  at  the  end  of  eleven  years. 

The  result  of  the  experiment  officially  reported  to  the  company 
credited  the  gum  ties  with  being  equal  to  the  best  second  grade  Southern 
pine,  but  the  experiment  was  not  followed  by  more  extensive  use.  Gum 
timber  can  not  compete  with  the  best  tie  timber  in  durability,  but  if 
the  life  of  gum  wood  is  extended  by  preservative  treatment  its  wearing 
qualities  will  make  it  a  superior  tie  timber. 

With  increase  in  cost  of  redwood  and  pine  timber,  lower  grade  ties 
of  the  more  durable  eucalypts  should  find  a  place  in  the  market.    Sea- 


44  STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

soned  gray,  red  and  sugar  gum  timbers  are  moderately  durable  and 
should  give  longer  service  than  blue  gum.  Sugar  gum  is  probably  the 
best  eucalypt  for  tie  production. 

Mini  Timbers.  Blue  and  sugar  gum  have  been  used  with  success  in 
limbering  mines  near  Escondido.  The  gum  timber  has  been  found 
superior  to  any  other  obtainable  there.  Few  of  the  timbers  have 
decayed,  although  the  mines  are  flooded  during  a  part  of  each  year. 
.  Difference  in  value  of  the  two  species  has  not  yet  become  apparent,  but 
it  is  probable  the  sugar  gum  will  prove  superior,  as  it  excels  blue  gum 
in  both  strength  and  durability. 

Wharf  Piling.  The  problem  of  maintaining  wharves  has  become  an 
important  one  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Not  only  are  the  best  pile  timbers 
very  expensive,  but  they  will  not  resist  the  attacks  of  the  teredo  and 
limnoria  and  have  to  be  replaced  continually. 

Both  the  teredo  and  limnoria  are  troublesome  all  along  the  Pacific 
coast,  being  carried  from  port  to  port  by  the  shipping.  The  teredo 
attacks  the  piling  at  the  ground  line,  under  water,  and  burrows  cham- 
bers through  the  wood.  When  the  piling  is  unprotected,  this  source 
of  injury  is  generally  negligible,  for  the  timbers  are  more  speedily  eaten 
off  at  the  water  line  by  the  limnoria.  The  limnoria  have  no  natural 
enemies  in  American  waters  to  decimate  their  numbers,  hence  they  are 
constantly  increasing  and  becoming  more  troublesome.  Their  attacks 
are  particularly  severe  in  the  warm  waters  of  the  southern  ports  and 
in  sheltered  harbors. 

In  an  attempt  to  maintain  durable  wharves,  experiments  have  been 
made  with  costly  iron  and  cement  piles,  but  the  lower  cost  and  greater 
ease  of  setting  keeps  the  wooden  pile  in  favor.  Various  expensive  treat- 
ing and  sheathing  experiments  have  been  tried,  but  preservative  processes 
have  failed  so  far  to  check  the  borers.  Limnoria  will  not  attack  wood 
which  is  coated  with  sand.  This  fact  has  been  taken  advantage  of  to 
defeat  them  by  applying  a  rough  cement  wash  to  the  exposed  surface 
of  the  piles.  This  coating  not  being  elastic,  however,  fails  to  prevent 
the  limnoria  from  entering  at  season  checks  and  continuing  their  work 
under  the  cement  covering.  Pile  timbers  are  generally  creosoted  or 
oiled,  and  often  wrapped  and  battened,  to  increase  their  period  of 
service,  but  limnorias  attack  even  creosoted  wood.  When  untreated, 
piles  are  generally  set  unpeeled,  as  the  borers  do  not  work  while  the 
bark  remains. 

Aside  from  its  use  for  fuel,  gum  timber  has  been  most  extensivelv 
used  for  piling.  After  extended  trial  the  blue  gum  pile  has  been 
determined  the  best  in  use  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Whenever  it  can  be 
obtained,   contractors  and  wharf  managers  discriminate  in  its  favor. 


A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS. 


45 


It  is  attacked  and  ultimately  destroyed  by  borers,  notwithstanding 

contrary  statements.  Its  superiority  seems  to  lie  in  its  extreme  hard- 
ness, for  when  gum  and  softwood  piles  are  used  toother  in  a  wharf, 
the  borers  concentrate  their  attack  on  the  softer  piles.     Experienced 


PLATE  10.     Blue  gum  piling  in  the  wharf  at  Santa   Barbara. 

users  discriminate  in  favor  of  piles  from  old.  slow-grown  trees  cu1 
during  the  winter  and  seasoned  thoroughly. 

Eucalyptus  piles  in  general  use  are  from  30  to  35  feel  Long  and  from 
12  to  24  inches  in  diameter.  Such  piles  bring  from  $5  to  $15  apiece 
on  the  stump. 


\ 


46  STATE  BOARD  OF  FORESTRY. 

Gum  piling  was  first  used  in  the  wharf  at  Santa  Barbara.  Its  use 
in  some  other  wharves  was  accidental,  but  since  its  successful  trial  it 
has  been  used  in  the  wharves  at  Crescent  City,  Oakland,  Port  Harford. 
Gaviota,  Santa  Barbara,  Serena,  Summerland,  Avalon,  Oceanside  and 
San  Diego.  On  account  of  its  superior  service  it  is  used  in  the  wharf 
at  Crescent  City  despite  the  local  supply  of  redwood  timber. 

Dimension  Material.  No  valuable  hardwood  timber  is  native  to  Cali- 
fornia or  the  Pacific  coast.  Demands  for  it  have  been  supplied  by 
importation  from  Eastern  centers  of  production  at  high  prices  and  high 
freight  rates.  Eucalyptus  has  been  widely  used  for  saw-timber  in 
Australia,  but  in  California  its  commonness  has  prejudiced  users  against 
it.  Added  to  this  is  the  fact  that  very  little  dimension  material  has 
been  produced,  practically  all  the  plantations  having  been  cut  for  fuel. 
At  present  it  can  hardly  be  found  in  the  market. 

Pioneer  manufacturers,  operating  planing  mills  in  San  Francisco. 
Los  Angeles  and  San  Jose,  have  persevered  for  twenty  years  in  utilizing 
it  as  ordinary  hardwood  stock.  Difficulty  has  been  encountered  in  the 
introduction  of  a  new  material,  however,  so  their  business  has  remained 
small.  They  have  overcome  local  prejudice  to  some  extent  by  guaran- 
teeing their  product.  Severe  and  extended  trial  has  proven  that  it 
possesses  superior  qualities  of  strength,  hardness  and  flexibility.  Sea- 
soned blue  gum  timber  has  been  substituted  in  San  Francisco  for  orders 
of  maple,  hickory,  and  "ironwood"  without  the  knowledge  but  to  the 
entire  satisfaction  of  the  purchaser. 

No  fixed  stumpage  price  for  Eucalyptus  timber  prevails.  It  is  bought 
either  by  the  single  tree  or  at  the  market  price  of  cordwood.  Large 
trees  which  contain  4  to  6  cords,  or  will  cut  1.500  to  3,000  feet  B.  M., 
are  bought  for  from  $12  to  $25  per  tree.  The  total  cost  of  stumpage, 
logging,  manufacturing  and  seasoning  is  about  $20.  hence  it  is  apparent 
that  manufacturers  can  readily  undersell  Eastern  hardwoods.  Gum 
timber  has  been  sold  at  from  $100  to  $125  per  M,  and  retails  for  12U 
cents  per  foot  for  finished  and  10  cents  for  rough  timber. 

QUALITIES  OF  EUCALYPTUS  WOOD. 

The  timber  eucalypts  furnish  a  hardwood  possessing  qualities  similar 
to  those  of  Eastern  hickory  and  ash.  The  wood  of  different  species 
differs  in  strength  and  durability,  but  in  general  the  timber  is  very 
strong,  heavy  and  hard,  with  a   close-grain  and  homogeneous  structure. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  wood  of  most  species  is  greater  than  that 
of  water,  the  dry  wood  of  blue  gum  averaging  over  60  pounds  per 
cubic  foot,  varying  from  50  to  70  pounds,  according  to  the  age  of  the 
timber.  The  wood  of  other  species  is  still  heavier.  It  is  very  tough, 
resisting  indentation,  tension  or  torsion.     This  is  of  advantage,  for  it 


A     000  083  726     o 

A  HANDBOOK  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTERS.  -it 

will  not  crack  nor  break  out  under  strain  at  joints  or  bolt  holes.     The 
wood  is  stiffer  and  less  elastic  than  Eastern  hickory. 

The  wood  of  different  species  ranges  in  color  from  white  to  dark 
brown.  The  heart  and  sapwood  of  many  species  is  indistinguishable. 
The  heart  of  blue  gum  is  a  little  darker  than  the  sapwood,  while  that 
of  red  gum  is  red  or  dark  brown  in  color.  The  grain  of  blue  gum  closely 
resembles  that  of  hickory  and  ash. 

SEASONING. 

The  difficulties  experienced  in  seasoning  Eucalyptus  timber  have  been 
a  great  obstacle  to  its  more  extensive  utilization.  It  has  received  an 
undeserved  reputation  for  warping  and  checking  from  many  who  have 
used  it  green  or  improperly  seasoned.  It  is  no  more  difficult  to  season 
than  oak,  hard  maple  and  many  other  hardwoods,  which  are  annually 
cut  and  seasoned  by  the  million  feet  in  the  Eastern  States.  The  success 
attained  by  several  experienced  manufacturers  proves  that  it  yields 
readily  to  thorough  methods. 

To  insure  successful  seasoning  the  trees  should  be  felled  between 
November  and  March.  Sawlogs  should  be  manufactured  as  soon  as 
possible  after  cutting,  for  they  check  quickly  with  exposure  to  sun  and 
winds.  "When  not  to  be  sawn  immediately,  they  should  be  piled  in  the 
shade  without  peeling.  The  ends  of  the  logs  should  be  painted  to  pre- 
vent checking. 

Ordinarily,  sawn  lumber  should  be  loose-piled  under  cover  with 
abundant  space  for  air  circulation.  The  ends  of  the  timbers  should  be 
weighted.  By  this  treatment  6  by  8  inch  or  larger  timbers  are 
thoroughly  and  evenly  seasoned  without  warping  or  checking,  though 
the  wood  may  shrink  considerably  during  the  seasoning  process.  Inch 
boards  are  apt  to  warp  in  seasoning,  so  the  lumber  is  usually  sawn  into 
planks.    The  heart  wood  is  more  apt  to  check  than  the  sapwood. 

Air  seasoning  produces  better  results  than  kiln  seasoning.  Air-dried 
lumber  may  be  used  in  a  year,  but  two  years'  seasoning  gives  better 
results  and  is  generally  practiced. 

USES  OF  LUMBER. 

\'<  hide  Paris.  Blue  gum  has  been  extensively  used  as  a  substitute  for 
other  hardwoods  in  the  manufacture  of  vehicles.  Its  strength  and 
elasticity  recommend  it  very  highly  as  a  substitute  for  hickory  and  ash. 
which  are  rapidly  becoming  scarce.  Gum  timber  is  just  as  durable  and 
nearly  as  strong  as  hickory.  If  kept  Prom  contad  with  the  soil,  it  will 
not  decay  under  exposure  to  the  weather,  and  will  retain  its  shape  it' 
properly  seasoned. 

Its  usefulness  for  vehicle  parts  has  been  recognized  locally  for  a 
long  time.    The  ranchers  of  the  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Clara  valleys 


locust 
art  of 
brnia- 
s  have 


48  STATE  BOARD  OP  FORESTRY. 

have  used  il  for  poles,  shafts,  reaches,  axles,  doubletrees,  racks,  holsters, 
spokes,  hubs  and  felloes  and  for  the  wooden  parts  of  plows,  harrows 
and  other  agricultural  implements.  Like  its  first  use  for  piling,  Euca- 
lyptus was  first  employed  for  vehicle  parts  by  accident. 

Recently  gum  wood  was  experimentally  used  for  wooden  ties  on 
heavy  auto  trucks.  The  motors  of  these  vehicles  are  damaged  and  holts 
are  soon  cut  off  by  the  jar  of  running  on  steel  rims  on  city  pavements; 
and  expensive  sets  of  rubber  tires  last  but  a  few  months.  A  wooden  tire 
Mas  devised  by  bolting  seasoned  blocks  of  gum  wood,  set  with  the  grain 
vertical,  into  a  patent  rim  attached  to  the  wheels.  The  tires  have  been 
used  SUCCesfif«^v  f™*  Riv  months  without  attentinn  w  no-noir  ind  show 
few  signs  o  take 

up  vibrati: 

Insulate 

wood  for 
the  manuf 

o-rown  gum  

been  filled  in  Canada  and  the  Eastern  States.  Gum  pins  are  m  use  m 
most  of  the  telephone  and  power  transmission  lines  in  this  State,  and  are 
used  exclusively  by  leading  contractors.  Sound  pins  are  still  in  use 
after  fifteen  years'  service. 

Furniture.  Seasoned  blue  and  red  gum  wood  has  been  used  to  a 
limited  extent  for  cabinet  work  and  for  the  manufacture  of  furniture. 
Handsome  chairs  and  tables  have  been  made,  which  are  very  strong  and 
do  not  warp,  check  or  loosen  at  the  joints.  The  wood  takes  a  splendid 
finish  and  has  been  stained  to  imitate  mahogany  very  closely. 

Other  Uses.  In  a  few  instances  unstained  panels,  showing  fine  grain, 
have  been  used  in  the  interior  finishing  of  houses.  The  timber  has  also 
been  manufactured  into  flooring  and  used  in  place  of  hard  maple.  It 
has  been  used  for  pulley  blocks,  belt  wheels,  saw  tables,  brakeshoes,  for 
levers  of  house-moving  windlasses,  and,  indeed,  most  generally  where  a 
durable  wood  of  homegeneous  structure  is  required. 

BOTANICAL   NAMES. 

A  list  of  the  botanical  names  of  the  species  mentioned  in  this  report 

follows : 

Common  Names.  Scientific  Names. 

Blue  Gum   Eucalyptus  globulus. 

Sugar  Gum   Eucalyptus  corynocalyx. 

Red   Gum    Eucalyptus  rostrata. 

Gray    Gum    Eucalyptus  tereticornus. 

Manna  Gum   Eucalyptus  viminalis. 

Lemon   Gum    Eucalyptus  citriodora. 


